When voltage is applied to a conductor, what do the free electrons do?

When voltage is applied to a conductor, the free electrons respond by flowing in one direction. This movement of electrons constitutes an electric current. The application of voltage creates an electric field within the conductor, which exerts a force on the free electrons. Rather than remaining stationary or flowing randomly, the free electrons are organized in their movement, typically flowing from the negative terminal toward the positive terminal of the voltage source.

The directional flow is crucial for the functioning of electrical circuits, as it enables the transfer of electrical energy and the performance of work in devices connected to the circuit. This behavior is fundamental to the principles of electromagnetism and the operation of electrical components.